CbmStsPhysics.cxx

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/* Copyright (C) 2014-2020 GSI Helmholtzzentrum fuer Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt
   SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-only
   Authors: Volker Friese [committer] */

#include "CbmStsPhysics.h"
 
#include "CbmStsDefs.h"  // for CbmSts, kProtonMass, kSiCharge, kSiDe...
#include "CbmStsPhysics.h"
 
#include <Logger.h>  // for Logger, LOG
 
#include <TDatabasePDG.h>  // for TDatabasePDG
#include <TMath.h>         // for Log, Power
#include <TParticlePDG.h>  // for TParticlePDG
#include <TRandom.h>       // for TRandom, gRandom
#include <TString.h>       // for TString, operator<<, operator+
#include <TSystem.h>       // for TSystem, gSystem
 
#include <cmath>    // for log, sqrt
#include <fstream>  // for ifstream, basic_istream, right
#include <iomanip>  // for setw, __iom_t6
#include <utility>  // for pair
 
using std::ifstream;
using std::map;
using std::right;
using std::setw;
using namespace CbmSts;
 
ClassImp(CbmStsPhysics)
 
  // -----   Initialisation of static variables   ----------------------------
  CbmStsPhysics* CbmStsPhysics::fgInstance = nullptr;
// -------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
// -----   Constructor   ---------------------------------------------------
CbmStsPhysics::CbmStsPhysics()
{
  // --- Read the energy loss data tables
  LOG(info) << "Instantiating STS Physics... ";
  ReadDataTablesStoppingPower();
  ReadDataTablesLandauWidth();
 
  // --- Initialise the constants for the Urban model
  SetUrbanParameters(CbmSts::kSiCharge);
}
// -------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
// -----   Destructor   ----------------------------------------------------
CbmStsPhysics::~CbmStsPhysics() {}
// -------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
// -----   Diffusion width   -----------------------------------------------
Double_t CbmStsPhysics::DiffusionWidth(Double_t z, Double_t d, Double_t vBias, Double_t vFd, Double_t temperature,
                                       Int_t chargeType)
{
 
  // --- Check parameters. A tolerance of 0.1 micrometer on the sensor borders
  // --- is used to avoid crashes due to rounding errors.
  if (z < 0. && z > -0.00001) z = 0.;
  if (z > d && z < d + 0.00001) z = d;
  if (z < 0. || z > d) {
    LOG(error) << "StsPhysics: z coordinate " << z << " not inside sensor (d = " << d << ")";
    return -1.;
  }
  if (temperature < 0.) {
    LOG(error) << "StsPhysics: illegal temperature value " << temperature;
    return -1.;
  }
 
  // --- Diffusion constant over mobility [J/C]
  // --- The numerical factor is k_B/e in units of J/(KC).
  Double_t diffConst = 8.61733e-5 * temperature;
 
  // --- Drift time times mobility [cm**2 * C / J]
  // For the formula, see the STS digitiser note.
  Double_t tau = 0.;
  if (chargeType == 0) {  // electrons, drift to n (front) side
    tau = 0.5 * d * d / vFd * log((vBias + (1. - 2. * z / d) * vFd) / (vBias - vFd));
  }
  else if (chargeType == 1) {  // holes, drift to the p (back) side
    tau = -0.5 * d * d / vFd * log(1. - 2. * vFd * z / d / (vBias + vFd));
  }
  else {
    LOG(error) << "StsPhysics: Illegal charge type " << chargeType;
    return -1.;
  }
 
  return sqrt(2. * diffConst * tau);
}
// -------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
// -----   Electric field   ------------------------------------------------
Double_t CbmStsPhysics::ElectricField(Double_t vBias, Double_t vFd, Double_t dZ, Double_t z)
{
  return (vBias + vFd * (2. * z / dZ - 1.)) / dZ;
}
// -------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
// -----   Energy loss from fluctuation model   ----------------------------
Double_t CbmStsPhysics::EnergyLoss(Double_t dz, Double_t mass, Double_t eKin, Double_t dedx) const
{
 
  // Gamma and beta
  Double_t gamma = (eKin + mass) / mass;
  Double_t beta2 = 1. - 1. / (gamma * gamma);
 
  // Auxiliary
  Double_t xAux = 2. * mass * beta2 * gamma * gamma;
 
  // Mean energy losses (PHYS333 2.4 eqs. (2) and (3))
  Double_t sigma1 = dedx * fUrbanF1 / fUrbanE1 * (TMath::Log(xAux / fUrbanE1) - beta2)
                    / (TMath::Log(xAux / fUrbanI) - beta2) * (1. - fUrbanR);
  Double_t sigma2 = dedx * fUrbanF2 / fUrbanE2 * (TMath::Log(xAux / fUrbanE2) - beta2)
                    / (TMath::Log(xAux / fUrbanI) - beta2) * (1. - fUrbanR);
  Double_t sigma3 =
    dedx * fUrbanEmax * fUrbanR / (fUrbanI * (fUrbanEmax + fUrbanI)) / TMath::Log((fUrbanEmax + fUrbanI) / fUrbanI);
 
  // Sample number of processes Poissonian energy loss distribution
  // (PHYS333 2.4 eq. (6))
  Int_t n1 = gRandom->Poisson(sigma1 * dz);
  Int_t n2 = gRandom->Poisson(sigma2 * dz);
  Int_t n3 = gRandom->Poisson(sigma3 * dz);
 
  // Ion energy loss (PHYS333 2.4 eq. (12))
  Double_t eLossIon = 0.;
  for (Int_t j = 1; j <= n3; j++) {
    Double_t uni = gRandom->Uniform(1.);
    eLossIon += fUrbanI / (1. - uni * fUrbanEmax / (fUrbanEmax + fUrbanI));
  }
 
  // Total energy loss
  return (n1 * fUrbanE1 + n2 * fUrbanE2 + eLossIon);
}
// -------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
// ----- Get static instance   ---------------------------------------------
CbmStsPhysics* CbmStsPhysics::Instance()
{
  if (!fgInstance) fgInstance = new CbmStsPhysics();
  return fgInstance;
}
// -------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
// -----   Interpolate a value from a data table   -------------------------
Double_t CbmStsPhysics::InterpolateDataTable(Double_t eEquiv, map<Double_t, Double_t>& table)
{
 
  std::map<Double_t, Double_t>::iterator it = table.lower_bound(eEquiv);
 
  // Input value smaller than or equal to first table entry:
  // return first value
  if (it == table.begin()) return it->second;
 
  // Input value larger than last table entry: return last value
  if (it == table.end()) return (--it)->second;
 
  // Else: interpolate from table values
  Double_t e2 = it->first;
  Double_t v2 = it->second;
  it--;
  Double_t e1 = it->first;
  Double_t v1 = it->second;
  return (v1 + (eEquiv - e1) * (v2 - v1) / (e2 - e1));
}
// -------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
// -----   Landau Width   ------------------------------------------------
Double_t CbmStsPhysics::LandauWidth(Double_t mostProbableCharge)
{
 
  // --- Get interpolated value from the data table
  return InterpolateDataTable(mostProbableCharge, fLandauWidth);
}
// -------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
std::pair<std::vector<double>, double> CbmStsPhysics::GetLandauWidthTable() const
{
  std::vector<double> landauTableFlat;
 
  auto landauEntry = fLandauWidth.begin();
 
  landauTableFlat.push_back(landauEntry->second);
 
  auto prevLandauEntry = landauEntry;
  landauEntry++;
 
  double stepSize = landauEntry->first - prevLandauEntry->first;
 
  for (; landauEntry != fLandauWidth.end(); landauEntry++) {
    LOG_IF(fatal, stepSize != landauEntry->first - prevLandauEntry->first)
      << "StsLandau table doesn't have fixed step size.";
 
    landauTableFlat.push_back(landauEntry->second);
    prevLandauEntry = landauEntry;
  }
 
  return std::make_pair(std::move(landauTableFlat), stepSize);
}
 
 
// -----    Particle charge for PDG PID   ----------------------------------
Double_t CbmStsPhysics::ParticleCharge(Int_t pid)
{
 
  Double_t charge = 0.;
 
  // --- For particles in the TDatabasePDG. Note that TParticlePDG
  // --- gives the charge in units of |e|/3, God knows why.
  TParticlePDG* particle = TDatabasePDG::Instance()->GetParticle(pid);
  if (particle) charge = particle->Charge() / 3.;
 
  // --- For ions
  else if (pid > 1000000000 && pid < 1010000000) {
    Int_t myPid = pid / 10000;
    charge      = Double_t(myPid - (myPid / 1000) * 1000);
  }
 
  return charge;
}
// -------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
// -----    Particle mass for PDG PID   ------------------------------------
Double_t CbmStsPhysics::ParticleMass(Int_t pid)
{
 
  Double_t mass = -1.;
 
  // --- For particles in the TDatabasePDG
  TParticlePDG* particle = TDatabasePDG::Instance()->GetParticle(pid);
  if (particle) mass = particle->Mass();
 
  // --- For ions
  else if (pid > 1000000000 && pid < 1010000000) {
    Int_t myPid = pid - 1e9;
    myPid -= (myPid / 10000) * 10000;
    mass = Double_t(myPid / 10);
  }
 
  return mass;
}
// -------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
// -----   Read data tables for stopping power   ---------------------------
void CbmStsPhysics::ReadDataTablesLandauWidth()
{
 
  // The table with errors for Landau distribution:
  // MP charge (e) --> half width of charge distribution (e)
 
  TString dir         = gSystem->Getenv("VMCWORKDIR");
  TString errFileName = dir + "/parameters/sts/LandauWidthTable.txt";
 
  ifstream inFile;
  Double_t q, err;
 
  // --- Read electron stopping power
  inFile.open(errFileName);
  if (inFile.is_open()) {
    while (true) {
      inFile >> q;
      inFile >> err;
      if (inFile.eof()) break;
      fLandauWidth[q] = err;
    }
    inFile.close();
    LOG(info) << "StsPhysics: " << setw(5) << right << fLandauWidth.size() << " values read from " << errFileName;
  }
  else
    LOG(fatal) << "StsPhysics: Could not read from " << errFileName;
}
// -------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
// -----   Read data tables for stopping power   ---------------------------
void CbmStsPhysics::ReadDataTablesStoppingPower()
{
 
  // The data tables are obtained from the NIST ESTAR and PSTAR databases:
  // http://www.nist.gov/pml/data/star/index.cfm
  // The first column in the tables is the kinetic energy in MeV, the second
  // one is the specific stopping power in MeV*cm^2/g for Silicon.
  // Internally, the values are stored in GeV and GeV*cm^2/g, respectively.
  // Conversion MeV->GeV is done when reading from file.
 
  TString dir       = gSystem->Getenv("VMCWORKDIR");
  TString eFileName = dir + "/parameters/sts/dEdx_Si_e.txt";
  TString pFileName = dir + "/parameters/sts/dEdx_Si_p.txt";
 
  ifstream inFile;
  Double_t e, dedx;
 
  // --- Read electron stopping power
  inFile.open(eFileName);
  if (inFile.is_open()) {
    while (true) {
      inFile >> e;
      inFile >> dedx;
      if (inFile.eof()) break;
      e *= 1.e-3;     // MeV -> GeV
      dedx *= 1.e-3;  // MeV -> GeV
      fStoppingElectron[e] = dedx;
    }
    inFile.close();
    LOG(info) << "StsPhysics: " << setw(5) << right << fStoppingElectron.size() << " values read from " << eFileName;
  }
  else
    LOG(fatal) << "StsPhysics: Could not read from " << eFileName;
 
  // --- Read proton stopping power
  inFile.open(pFileName);
  if (inFile.is_open()) {
    while (true) {
      inFile >> e;
      inFile >> dedx;
      if (inFile.eof()) break;
      e *= 1.e-3;     // MeV -> GeV
      dedx *= 1.e-3;  // MeV -> GeV
      fStoppingProton[e] = dedx;
    }
    inFile.close();
    LOG(info) << "StsPhysics: " << setw(5) << right << fStoppingProton.size() << " values read from " << pFileName;
  }
  else
    LOG(fatal) << "StsPhysics: Could not read from " << pFileName;
}
// -------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
// -----   Set the parameters for the Urban model   ------------------------
void CbmStsPhysics::SetUrbanParameters(Double_t z)
{
 
  // --- Mean ionisation potential according to PHYS333 2.1
  fUrbanI = 1.6e-8 * TMath::Power(z, 0.9);  // in GeV
 
  // --- Maximal energy loss (delta electron threshold) [GeV]
  // TODO: 1 MeV is the default setting in our transport simulation.
  // It would be desirable to obtain the actually used value automatically.
  fUrbanEmax = 1.e-3;
 
  // --- The following parameters were defined according the GEANT3 choice
  // --- described in PHYS332 2.4 (p.264)
 
  // --- Oscillator strengths of energy levels
  fUrbanF1 = 1. - 2. / z;
  fUrbanF2 = 2. / z;
 
  // --- Energy levels [GeV]
  fUrbanE2 = 1.e-8 * z * z;
  fUrbanE1 = TMath::Power(fUrbanI / TMath::Power(fUrbanE2, fUrbanF2), 1. / fUrbanF1);
 
  // --- Relative weight excitation / ionisation
  fUrbanR = 0.4;
 
  // --- Screen output
  LOG(info) << "StsPhysics: Urban parameters for z = " << z << " :";
  LOG(info) << "I = " << fUrbanI * 1.e9 << " eV, Emax = " << fUrbanEmax * 1.e9 << " eV, E1 = " << fUrbanE1 * 1.e9
            << " eV, E2 = " << fUrbanE2 * 1.e9 << " eV, f1 = " << fUrbanF1 << ", f2 = " << fUrbanF2
            << ", r = " << fUrbanR;
}
// -------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
// -----   Stopping power   ------------------------------------------------
Double_t CbmStsPhysics::StoppingPower(Double_t eKin, Int_t pid)
{
 
  Double_t mass = ParticleMass(pid);
  if (mass < 0.) return 0.;
  Double_t charge   = ParticleCharge(pid);
  Bool_t isElectron = (pid == 11 || pid == -11);
 
  return StoppingPower(eKin, mass, charge, isElectron);
}
// -------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
// -----   Stopping power   ------------------------------------------------
Double_t CbmStsPhysics::StoppingPower(Double_t energy, Double_t mass, Double_t charge, Bool_t isElectron)
{
 
  // --- Get interpolated value from data table
  Double_t stopPower = -1.;
  if (isElectron) stopPower = InterpolateDataTable(energy, fStoppingElectron);
  else {
    Double_t eEquiv = energy * kProtonMass / mass;  // equiv. proton energy
    stopPower       = InterpolateDataTable(eEquiv, fStoppingProton);
  }
 
  // --- Calculate stopping power (from specific SP and density of silicon)
  stopPower *= kSiDensity;  // density of silicon
 
  // --- For non-electrons: scale with squared charge
  if (!isElectron) stopPower *= (charge * charge);
 
  return stopPower;
}
// -------------------------------------------------------------------------